




















v'^^ . %-^^\0^^ \.*'o<^\<^^ %'^^\0^^ \.*'-^\<^ ^<.''... ,. 



.•^\/.. v-^-/ \-^*y v*v v**/ v^v 






./■•^i.*-^- o°^c^- °o ,<.^^-.\ /..i^.*°o /.iai;i-\ 






'^'^^ /-^M^- ** -'M-- \ /''M:\ y-M-X /'1%&\ **' *ai 






-^v.^^ 

5^"-. 

























'> ^^ -r^^ ,;?-^ '^^•-.^^\<^ ^<>-?^\g^^ \'».^\<^ ^<U'^^\0^^ ^o 




>o 



-^^ 




-^c,- 




V-^' 














^6 

5^ 



.♦IR*. « 









, i • . <\ 




















.•^^^ 






cv *^ 












o V 






























'bV" 




1.0 A^ 

.0^ 



•K * 




cC^*^^ . 



' ■• • <V 



r "Civ AT ^ 



V »i:^'* '^. 







-,40^ 
















,0^ v5. 'o . » * A 




.*1°^ 














•^0 

.4^ 






* ^^' 




'bV" 

O. * , , ' .0 "»^ * , , , • o,V 





V 



ATIENlSr^ U2SriVEKSA.L EXH:IBITI0N-1873. 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 



FOR THE 



FOEEIGI EXHIBITORS AI^D COIMISSIOIS. 



Vir-,-rN->^.3^ \\(eJ14ra.w.==-: 



' S'">^'>^^ d^ I 



J 



■p 



^^ 




THOMAS B. VAN BUREN, UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER. 

OFFICE, NO. 51 CHAMBEES STKEET, NEW YORK. 



WASHINGTON: j 

GOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 
18 7 2. 



YIENNA UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 1873. 



THOMAS B. VAN BUREN, 61 Chcmibers Street, Neiv Yorl; 

COMMISSIONER FOE THE UNITED STATES, . 
{To wlwm all ap^pUcations for information or for space slwuld Z»e addressed.) 



GENERAL REGULATIONS 



FOREIGN EXHIBITORS AND COMMISSIONS. 



1.— GENEEAL DIRECTIONS. 

1. Under the patronage of His Most Gracious Imperial and Eoyal Apostolic Majesty, and 
under tlie protectorate of His Imperial Highness the Archduke Charles Lewis, the exhibition will 
take place in the Prater, in buildings erected specially for the purpose, and in the surrounding park 
and gardens. It will be opened on the 1st of May, 1873, and closed on the 31st of October, of the 
same year. 

2. Under the presidency of His Imperial Highness the Archduke Eegnier, an imperial com- 
mission has been formed, for the purpose of representation and of discussing all general questions 
concerning the exhibition. 

3. His Majesty has intrusted the direction of the exhibition to the Privy Councilor, Baron de 
Schwarz-Senborn, as chief manager. 

4. Foreign governments are invited to appoint commissions with whom the chief manager will 
stand in direct communication upon all affairs concerning the exhibition. These commissioners 
will have to represent the interests of their countrymen in all questions relating to the exhibition 
and do their best duly to carry out its programme. Their task will be more i)articnlarly to issue 
invitations to take part in the exhibition, to receive applications for space, to decide on the admis- 
sion of objects announced, and to take charge of the forwarding, exhibiting, and returning of the 
objects of the exhibition in accordance with the regulations laid down. 

5. All communications from foreign commissions concerning the exhibition should be addressed: 
An den k. k. General-Director der Weltausstelluug 1873 in Wien. (Translation : To the Chief 
Manager of the Universal Exhibition, 1873, in Vienna, Austria.) 

G. A plan of the projected exhibition buildings and adjoining parks, showing the space allotted 
to each country, will be placed at the disposal of the commissions before the 15th of February, 1872. 

The commissions are invited to inform the chief manager before the 1st of May, 1872, whether 
their countrymen will require a larger or smaller space in the buildings, and, also, whether they 
wish to have a part of the park adjoining their portion of the building. 

7. The definitive division of space in the exhibition buildings, park, and gardens, resolved upon 
by the chief manager, will be made known to the commissions by the 1st of July, 1872. 

A j)lan showing the subdivision of the exhibition (groups) must be sent, by the foreign com- 
missions, to the chief manager at the latest by the 1st of October, 1872. 

Lists of the exhibitors, as well as detailed plans, showing the space allotted, and each single 
object to be exhibited, must be sent in by the foreign commissions before the 1st of January, 1873, 



at the latest, so that the exigencies of the respective couutries may be taken into account in organ- 
izing the interior arrangement of the exhibition buildings. 

8. The exhibitors will not have to pay the expenses of a boarded floor, or of a closed ceiling, 
or contribute to the laying out of the adjoining gardens. 

All these expenses will be paid out of the exhibition fund ; but in return a total sum will be 
paid by each foreign nation for the whole cubic space allotted to it in the industrial palace and the 
machinery hall, with a given fixed ground floor, and calculated by the square meter, according to 
the following tariff: 

Austrian 
cuiTeucy_ 

a. In the industrial palace, (florins) 10 

h. In the machinery hall, (florins) ,. 4 

In the other i)arts of the exhibition and adjoining grounds the charges for hired space will be 
calculated by square meter, according to the following tariff: 

Anstrian 
currency. 

a. In the court-yards of the industrial palace, (florins) 4 

h. In the park : 

In the open air, (floxins) 1 

In the si)aces to be covered at the expense of the exhibitor, (florins) 3 

Exhibitors of objects of fine art, and of those for the '^ Exposition des Amateurs,^^ have no 
charge whatever to pay for space. 

9. The chief manager will enter into communication with the railway and steamboat companies 
of Austria and Hungary, In order to procure reductions of rates for the conveyance of objects for 
the exhibition. 

The foreign commissions are also invited to enter into communication with the railway and 
steamboat companies of their countries for the same puri:)ose, and to communicate by the 1st of 
May, 1872, to the chief manager, the reductions which they have obtained. 

The chief manager will then irablish all the dates concerning these reductions by the 1st of 
July, 1872. 

10. The exhibition grounds will be considered as a bonded warehouse, and objects which are 
monopolies in Austria may also be exhibited without any hinderauce. 

11. Objects exhibibited can only be removed before the closing of the exhibition by special 
l)ermission of the chief manager. 

12. Immediately after the close of the exhibition, the exhibitors must attend to the packing 
and removal of their goods and fittings. 

These operations must be finished by the 31st of December, 1873. 

The goods, packages, and erections which may not have been removed by the exhibitors or 
their representatives after this term has expired, will be deposited, if they are of sufficient value, 
in warehouses, at the cost and risk of the exhibitors. 

The objects which may not have been removed out of these warehouses by the 30th of June, 
1874, will be sold publicly ; the net proceeds of the sale will be employed in augmenting the collec- 
tions of an institute for iiromoting the instruction of small trades people and of workmen in Yienna. 

13. The objects exhibited will be submitted to the judgment of an international jury, for which 
special regulations will be published. 

14. An oflicial general catalogue will be published, the arrangement of which will be made 
known later on. 

In order that this catalogue may be published in time, the foreign commissions are requested 
to send the necessary dates, at the latest, on the 1st of January, 1873. 

15. A special locality will be provided in the exhibition grounds where exhibitors can sell 
publications relating to the exhibition, and to the objects which they exhibit, (such as illustrated 
catalogues, current prices, &c.) 

16. Popular lectures and industrial, technical, or scientific demonstrations, will be arranged in 
a special lecture-hall built for that purpose. ISTevertheless the chief manager must be informed of 
the lectures. 



17. Special regulations and programmes will be published for tlie works of fine art, for the 
exbibitiou of macbinery, for additional and temporary exbibitions for single groups and special 
dispositions, as tasting-pavilions, cellars, &c. 

18. Eacb exbibitor is engaged to acknowledge and keep tbe regulations. 

II.— ADMISSION AND CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS. 

19. Concerning the admission of goods to be exhibited, tbe following are tbe limitations fixed : 
Explosive and detonating substances, and substances which may be considered inflammable, are 
entirely excluded. 

Spirits or alcohols, oils, corrosive salts, highly inflammable and other matters, which might 
spoil other objects exhibited, or annoy the public, will only be admitted in strong, moderate-sized 
barrels, adapted for this purpose. Also the exhibitors of such objects will always be bound to 
conform themselves to any particular regulation the chief manager may think proper to make. 

Percussion-caps, materials for fire-works, lucifer matches, and other similar objects may only 
be exhibited in imitation, without the addition of inflammable substances. 

20. Moreover the chief manager reserves to himself the right to remove all goods from the 
exhibition buildings which may seem injurious, by their quantity or nature, or which may appear 
incompatible with the purpose and regulations of the exhibition. 

21. The consignment of each single exhibitor must be accompanied by a certificate of admission 
issued by the commission of his country. 

The detailed directions concerning the contents and form of this certificate will be communi- 
cated to the commissions by the chief manager. 

III.— FORWARDING, RECEIVING, AND ERECTING OBJECTS. 

22. The exhibitor, or the commissions, have to defray all the expenses for the transport of 
objects to be exhibited, for the reception and opening of packages, for unpacking the objects, for 
removing and storing the empty cases, for making tables, counters, steps, boxes, for setting up the 
goods (products) in the exhibition buildings or in the park, for returning tbe goods, (products,) &c. 

23. The objects to be exbibited will be admitted from the 1st of February until the 15th of 
April, 1873, inclusive. 

This period may be changed by the chief manager, at a special request, in consideration of 
particular circumstances, as for instance : For objects which would be damaged by remaining too 
long packed ui), or for objects of great value; but in each case everything must be prepared in 
advance for the exhibition of objects. 

24. Special regulations Avill fix tbe time when the materials must be brought into the exbibition 
grounds, for constructions which form objects of the exhibition, or disconnected ai)paratus or 
engines, heavy or very large objects, as well as those requiring special foundations. 

25. All preparations for the exhibition of objects may be made in proportion to the completion 
of the buildings ; but they must all be finished, at the latest, by the 15th of February, 1873. 

26. The commissions are invited to take care that the products of their country be sent to 
Yienna in as few single consignments as possible. 

27. All goods intended for the exhibition are to be marked W. A., 1873, Vienna, and addressed 
to the chief manager. 

The address must be securely fastened on the packages, and contain, besides, the following par- 
ticulars: 

«. Name or firm of the exhibitor. 

1). Country and place of residence of the same. 

c. The group to which the objects belong. 

d. Number of application. 

e. A specification of the number of iiieces of each single consignment; if the exhibitor has only 
sent one package it will be marked No. 1, but if the same exhibitor has several packages to exhibit, 
their number must be marked on each package by a fraction ; for instance, i, f , and so on. Tbe 
figure G means that six pieces have been sent, of which tbe one is No. 1, the other is No. 2, &c. 



The persons Jippoiuted to receive the objects will thus be enabled to know immediately after the 
arrival of the goods whether a consignment is complete, or whether a package is missing, and which 
number it is. If several small [)ackages be packed in one large box, only objects belonging to the 
same group must be put into this box, which must then be marked as mentioned above. 

The cases must bear the same mark inside, on the top and bottom, in order to jirevent mistakes 
being made with the shifting of the different parts of the cases. 

/. The place where tlie objects are to be exhibited, /. e., industrial palace, park, or machinery 
hall. 

The addresses will be of different colors, in order that the goods may be recognized the more 
easily; and the chief manager will communicate in time to the apijointed foreign commissions the 
color of the address of the packages of their country. 

Foiui of address. 



W. A., 1873, Wien. 

An den l: Ic. General-Director der Weltmisstelhmf/, 1873, Wien. 

Ausstellungsort : 
(z. 15. Industiie-Pallast, Park oder Mascliineuliallc.) 

Namen oder Firma des Ausstellers 

Land und Wohnort 

Grnppe 

Orduungszahl der Anmelduug 

Bruchzahl des CoUo (f oder f u. s. f.) 



[Trauslatiou.] 

W. A., 1873, Vienna. 
To the Chief Manager of the Universal ExMhition, 1873, Vienna. 

Place of eshibitiou : 
(for instance : Industiial-Palace, Park or Machinery H.all.) 

ISTame or firm of the exhibitor 

Country and place of residence 

Group 

Number of application for admission 

Number of package, (f or |, and so on) 

A list of the contents of each, single package must be placed inside the package, in order that 
the objects may be put the more easily in their right place, and to fcicilitate the mauipnlation of 
the custom-house. 

28. The commissions or the exhibitors themselves or their agents are responsible for the for- 
warding, receiving, and impacking the packages, and the proper delivery of their contents; and 
afterward for the arrangement, surveyance, and returning the objects exhibited. Only such agents 
will be admitted who have proved to the chief manager that they are the authorized agents of the 
foreign commissions. 

29. If the person who has to receive the goods is not present at the exhibition when they arrive, 
they will be at once stored up at the cost and risk of the respective commissions. 

30. The motive power for engines and machinery Avill be placed gratis at the disposal of the 
exhibitor*. 

The necessary force of motion is transmitted by a horizontal revolving shaft, the position 
diameter, and number of revolutions per minute of which will be i>ublished in time by the chief 
manager. 

The exhibitors must furnish all the pulleys for this principal transmission, as well as the gear 
ing necessary, together with the cross-shafts, i)ulleys, and straps. 



A special regalatiou will be i^nblished for the macliiuery departmeut. 

31. The chief mauager will, if desired, give the name of contractors who have applied to hiin 
for the execution of the arrangements of the exhibition; jet the chief manager will take upon 
himself no responsibility for their performances ; the exhibitors have, nevertheless, the right to 
choose their own contractors and workmen. 

32. Packages or emptj'' cases cannot be deposited upon the space necessary for circulation. 
The packages must be unj)acked directly after their arrival, and the i)acking-cases and materials 
must be removed at once. 

33. Between the 15th February and the 25th April, 1873, the objects already lying on the exhi- 
bition grounds, and unpacked, must be put in order and arranged. 

In order to have the objects equally apportioned in the spaces of the exhibition, the chief 
manager reserves to himself the light, on the 25th of April, 1873, to dispose of those places which 
do not contain sufficient objects. 

The days from the 2Gth to the 29th April will be employed iu cleaning the localities and in 
inspecting the whole exhibition. 

34. There will be published special regulations for the arrangement and erection of those 
l)roducts and objects which, will be exhibited in the j)ark. 

Eoads of communication and earthworks may only be constructed and made according to the 
plans arranged between the chief manager and the foreign commissions. 

IV.— ADMINISTEATION AND SUPERINTENDENCE. 

35. The objects will be exhibited under the name of the manufacturer. If the manufacturer 
agrees to it, they may also be exhibited under the name of the business man who has them in 
warehouse. 

36. The exhibitors are invited to add to their name or firm, also,- the name of those persons 
who have taken a notable part in the production of an object, either as inventors, draughtsmen, or 
modelers. 

37. The exhibitors are also invited to quote the price in cash and place of sale on the objects 
exhibited, ' 

38. The chief manager has taken the necessary steps that the objects exhibited may, from the 
time of their arrival on the exhibition grounds until taken away, (vide No. 12 of these regulations,) 
enjoy the benefit of the laws existing in Austria for the protection against piracy of inventions 
and designs : for instance, of the patent and registration law. Detailed regulations will bepublished. 

Reproductions (designs, photographs, &c.) of objects exhibited are only allowed if the exhib- 
itor and the chief manager consent to it. 

'39. It is left to the exhibitors to insure the objects exhibited against damage by fire at their 
own expense. 

40. The chief mauager will make provision for preserving from damage the products exhibited 
as far as possible; he will also appoint persons to take care of the objects. Nevertheless the chief 
manager will take upon himself no responsibility for damage of any kiud whatever. 

41. Each exhibitor will receive a ticket entitling him to free admittance. 

Any agent, duly appointed by the exhibitor, will also receive a ticket entitling him to free 
admittance. 

An agent representing more than one exhibitor can only obtain one ticket. 

The arrangements concerning the distribution and the control of tickets will be i^ublished 
later on. 

42. A special regulation will be published for the arrangement of the interior service. 
42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, January 27, 1872. 

The President of tlie Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE RI5GNIER. 
TJie Chief Manager : 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



8 

SPECIAJ. PUOGliAMME. 

(GROur 21.) 

NATIONAL DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. 



Auioug tbe objects wliicli excited au extraordinary and surprisiug interest among the amateurs 
at the Paris Exhibition of 18G7, were particularly those which, to include them all in one denomina- 
tion, we will call "products of national domestic industrj'." 

There were firstly all kinds of pottery, glazed and unglazed, fabrics and lace-work, particularly 
those belonging to national costumes, but also carpets, table-cloths, counterpanes, and similar 
objects for home use, and moreover ornaments, and all sorts of utensils. 

These objects did not only offer an ethnographical interest, as peculiar and characteristic pro- 
ducts of such and such nationalities, but the visitors also found very old elements of design in 
them, some of which dated from the most ancient times and which recalled to mind periods of art 
and styles which have long ago disappeared, and which were, therefore, very important from the 
historical point of view. 

They fouud them to abound in original and \'ery beautiful forms, technical methods lost to 
modern art, numerous ornaments aud methods of decorating in color, which captivated the eye as 
much by their correctness as by their simplicity and originality. If those objects charmed the 
amateur, and were sold rapidly because of those qualities, it must have occurred to the friends of 
modern industrial art that there was in them an abundant source of elements of designs, principles 
and processes of art, which must influence modern taste and its products by completing, vivifying, 
aud refreshing them. 

In fact no one can deny that those objects have already furnished many designs to modern 
industrial art, although most peoi^le in 18G7 considered them as rarities of ethnography or costume. 
In spite of their importance, which was made manifest by the rapidity with which amateurs and 
museums in the year 18G7, at Paris, hastened to collect those objects, exhibitions of them have 
always been one-sided, insufficient, and incomplete, and have never been organized from the artistic 
or utilitarian point of view. 

At the Paris Exhibition of 1807, which was one of the richest in that respect, the ethno- 
graphical point of view predominated, for which reason most of those objects were mounted on lay 
figures. They were also scattered among different countries and nations and modern works, so 
that they could not be easily noticed. The collection was also very incomplete. 

At the London Exhibition of 1871 they had not been forgotten, but in consequence of the nature 
of this exhibition only pottery and wool fabrics were exhibited, but even in these two branches 
they were very i^oorly represented, especially the woven articles. 

For these reasons an exhibition of products of national domestic industry could only be quite 
new and interesting in a universal exhibition, if it were organized as completely as possible, for a 
fixed purpose, and from the right point of view. 

We will first determine these points of view, and then point out the groups and places where 
national domestic industry is generally practiced. 

We have called the species of objects which were to be exhibited in this group products of 
national domestic industry; still this expression does not exhaust all that we wish may be seen at 
this exhibition. It is true that most.of the objects of this sort are manufactured at home by the 
people for their own use, and for these objects the expression we have chosen is a sufficient one. 
But there are many other objects which, if not produced in manufactories, are made by skilled 
workmen for the same purpose, and these will also find a place in our exhibition so long as they are 



9 

original iu sliape or mauufacture, and so loug as they are liereditary and peculiar to tliose who 
make tliem or to those who wear them. 

Let us take, for instance, the origiiial ornaments oi the women inliabitiug the Dutch provinces, 
wliicli technically and artistically differ altogetlier from tlie modern fashionable shapes, but whicli 
can be bought in jewelers' shops at Utrecht and other places, while you must seek the similar 
Swedish ornaments in the villages and houses of those who make tliem. 

After having extended the notion contained in the expi^ession "national domestic industry,'' 
we must again restrict it for the purpose of our exhibition. 

The intention is not to expose iu this exhibition everything, even the most common objects, 
(and there are of course many in the production of the people,) but only those which have a more 
wide-spread interest. This interest can of course only be artistic interest, be it modern artistic 
interest, that is, the interest which might be taken in those objects, considering the use that may 
be made of them for modern artistic industry, or artistic historical interest. Thus many exceptions 
Avill have to be made, but a great deal will still remain, and this limitation will only increase the 
charm and attractive power of this exhibition. 

It is true that this iioint of view of the artistic interest which is to govern the choice makes 
it necessary to have the assistance of connoisseurs, who would collect in the respective countries all 
that is necessary, and decide between all the objects which may be put at their disposal. 

They alone can find out what may be interesting, even among things of no great value, and 
they alone can recognize what is good, beautiful, and useful in common things. 

As to the sort of objects which will be exhibited in this group, they would be — 

1. Pottery. 

2. Textile fabrics and needle- work. 

3. Metal ornaments. . 
4:. Carved work and different utensils. 

Austro-Hungaria will furnish a very interesting collection of potteries, if a practical man 
makes the choice and takes into considei^atiou old reminiscences in shape and fashion. It is sufficient 
to call to mind the red, black, and yellow jugs, and those ornamented in red, as well as the vessels 
glazed in different manners of the countries bordering on the river Theiss, of the South Danube, 
of Dalmatia, &c. 

The glazed and uugiazed vessels, and those ornamented with gold which Turkey produces, and 
of which there ai^e a good many in the Austrian museum of tine arts applied to industry in Vienna, 
are not less interesting. Greece, the Greek islands, (let us think of the Rhodian or Persian fay- 
ences,) Eoumania, Asia-Minor, Persia, deserve just as much attention. Egypt may send its small 
utensils of red and black claj-. The other parts of Xorth Africa, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco, 
would also furnish a very important contingent. There we find the white-glazed vessels with blue 
ornaments, Mhich are often remarkably line, and can be taken as models of their kind. 

There are besides vessels of different colors with red marks, and also those of fine red- brown 
clay, of old Saracen shape, which are also found in Sicily. 

In Portugal and in Spain we find the same sort of red i)ottery, with engraved ornaments of 
original shape ; and with these the cooling- vessels of yellow-white clay, not very durable but very 
artistically made. In Spain the people used glazed vessels, which might be called Spanish majolicas. 

Let us recollect also the most original vessels of the Basque provinces and of the Pyrenees. 

Italy has got numberless vessels used by the people, and of very different kinds. The Aus- 
trian museum of fine arts applied to industry, in Vienna, has got a very beautiful collection of 
them, picked up iu different provinces, and full of recollections of the old porcelain fabrication, 
and of the majolicas of the sixteenth century. 

Germany can also send rich contributions to this special exhibition. The best proof of it is 
the German museum of fine firts applied to industry, in Berlin, which has already begun to make 
a collection, in which able men have separated those things which are really old, remarkable, and 
peculiar to the people, from those which are only used daily at home and in the kitchen, without 
having any technical importance or any particular shape. 

Eussia, and the other northern countries, Avill also bring their share, as well as the south of 
France, and some Dutch provinces. 



10 

Couutiics oi' other i»urts of tlie world are also interesting'. Tliinii, for instance, of Ura/.il, 
Mexico, Peru. Even the common potteries of the savages can be considered from interesting 
l)oints of view, historically, for instance, because they serve to throw light on the origin of the 
l)eople. 

The exhibition of ol)jects of the second division, won en fabrics and embroideries, will not be 
i)lentifnl and original. Many popular costumes could contribute to it. Concerning Austria, let us 
think only of the costumes of the southern Danubian provinces, of Dalmatia, Sec, Avith their bean- 
tifnl embroideries of gold and .silver, besides the contingent which the other countries of Austro- 
Ilungaria might furnish. It is the same thing Mith Roumania. Turkey, Greece, Albania, &c. 

Ilere Ave find besides costumes, carpets from all these (;ouiitries, as well as linen covers, 
embroidered with ver}' old and peculiar patterns. 

Italy, for instance, can exhibit the striped liiMd-clotlis of tlie women, aiil many peculiar 
embroideries. Spain possesses a rich collection. 

Think, for instance, of the colored striped rugs, which the men wear as mantles to skelter 
themselves from the influence of the weatlier. Scotland can send its ])laids, of course only those 
which are .still worn by the several clans, and are peculiar to them. 

Sweden and >forway can furnish a very rich collection. Here are provinces like Dalekarlia, 
Avhere each commune has its own pattern for certain parts of the dresses of the vrouieu. Other 
provinces, like Schoueu and Holland, manufacture linen cloths ornamented in a very interesting 
nmnner, all made in and for the houses of the peasantry. Industry ami commerce take no notice 
of them. Elsewhere are to be found woolen fabrics, jackets and stockings with colored patterns, 
which seem to belong to the most ancient times of the history of civilization. 

There we have covers with raised embroideries, and the wo\'en galloon-lace of the female cos- 
tume, with patterns of the Middle Ages. In fact, Scandinavia alone can furnish a i)lentiful, very 
interesting, and instructive collection. 

A Russian collection cannot be less rich and interesting ; a m ork of a collection of ornaments, 
which has just been published in Russia, as well as the richness of the ethnographical exhibition, 
which took place a fcAv years ago at Moscow, allow us to expect as much. 

The thml division, cominising ornaments, is scarcely less important; it presents also great 
interest even for modern industry. Let us take as an example the goldsmith Castellani, at Rome, 
who for many years could not succeed in manufacturing filigree as fine as the ancient filigree till he 
took workmen from a small village in the mountain, who, up to that time, had only made ornaments 
for the peoi)le. These Italian ornaments, different in each district and original in their forms, will 
iurnish the most im]>ortant contingent to this grouj). 

It is suflicieut as a proof of this to refer to the wonderful collection of the South Kensington 
.Museum in London. 

After Italy, Holland will furnish the most interesting selection of popular female ornaments in 
gold and silver, manufactured by skilled workmen. They are nevertheless lemarkable in form, 
ornamentation, and use. 

The northern countries will also have many objects to expose. l''or instance, the Swedish 
])rovinces,]S^orway, with its often beautiful filigree-work, and the Schleswig isles with the same sort of 
products. The collection will also be very rich in the Dauubian provinces, and in the countries of 
Turkey, and then from Egypt as far up as Soudan, where filigree, which has been forgotten by 
modern arts, is still manufactured aud employed. In Russia, and in juany other countries of 
Europe also, an examination of the ornaments of popular costumes would not be without profit for 
our purpose. 

In the fourth division, containing' different utensils, may be especially mentioned — 
liasket-work and straw tresses, (of which European nations would not furnish the greater part,) 
mats and twisted covers, and especially ornamented and peculiarly manufactured furniture, some 
of which are found in the houses of the lower classes in many countries. 

Many of those objects have not been exhibited because they were considered of no importance. 
iJut there is no doubt that artists and amateurs would appreciate them, and profit more by them than 
l)y the so-called peasants' chairs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which are nowadays so 
sought after by collectors. China, Japan, and India Avould certainly take an important place in 



11 

this exhibition if uatioual peculiarities alone were takeu into consideration. But the artistic indus- 
try of those countries is not a popular industry in the same sense as that which has just been 
spoken of. It is, on the contrary, Tory civilized, and mostly, particularly in India, for the wealthy 
classes. 

It is, therefore, of the same kind as our modern industrie de luxe, which, as is well known, it 
surpasses in many respects, as well technically as artistically. The industry of those countries, 
from which we would particularly wish to have the greatest possible contingent, is therefore only 
to be dealt with as with that of civilized European countries, i. c, quite independently. We can, 
therefore, only take from that industry, for the exhibition we are now speaking of, those things 
which are intended for the use of the lower classes. 

Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

AEOHDUKE EEGNIER. 

The Chief Manaqer : 

BARON DE SOHWAEZ-SENBOKN. 



SPECIAL P R G R A M M E . 

(Geoup 19.) 

THE PRIVATE DWELLmG-HOUSE : ITS INNER ARRANGEMExNT AND DECORATION. 

This group has been destined to help to solve one of the most important questions of social 
science of the day. 

The aim here is not to exhibit a collection of ethnographical objects, neither is it to show how 
most of the private dwelling-houses are built and arranged in different countries. 

The object is to show how the private dwelling-house can and ought to be built in order best 
to fulfill its purpose, taking into consideration the climate and local circumstances, and mode of 
life of the different peoples, as well as their wants and habits. 

In most nations the private dwelling-house has undergone no improvement. The changes in 
our social life, the means of communication of our age, and, above all, the increased value of land, 
have rendered almost impossible, even in smaller towns, the existence of the old private dwelling- 
house. The j)rincipal characteristics of the dwelling-house of former times were the wasting of 
space and materials, and a quite arbitrary form nnd arrangement; still its good qualities make ns 
regret its disappearance. 

Under the influence of the elements which govern modern communications, we see the plague 
of houses let in flats to more than one family increase ever more and more. The unfortunately 
unavoidable consequences of the living of many in a small space, and of the thus loosened family 
life, manifest themselves in the injury of health and morality. It is for that reason that we 
see everywhere endeavors made to restore again the old family house, but arranged to suit the 
requirements of modern life. 

The exhibition will enable the architects of all civilized nations to exhibit the private dwelling- 
houses which suit best the climate and habits of their country ; and will enable the visitors who 
give their attention to this problem to make instructive comparisons and to adopt that which 
might be suited even to other countries and other customs. 

The construction of the house will not alone be taken into consideration at this exhibition, it 
will also be completely furnished. 

This furnishing of the house, so as to make it comfortable to live in, will be dbubly useful. 
The reason why previous international exhibitions did not develop the use of inventions, im- 
provements, and arrangements intended for the dwelling-house as much as was desirable, is, 
because these objects were exhibited each for itself, according to the materials they were made of 
or the mode of manufacture, but not with a view to their iDroper combination and application ; 
whereas our group in 1873 will show the rooms, the kitchen, the cellars, &c., with all the require- 



12 

lucuts of private housekeeping', and all most a])piov('<l aiiaugenient.s as a whole and ready for 
immediate use, and thus present to the visitor an arrangement which cannot by any other means 
be exhibited in so complete or clear a manner, and which the imagination cannot represent to 
itself. 

Besides, this s])ecial exhibition will enable a co-operation of artisans to show what they 
can do. 

Those branches of industry which liave to do with the decoration of the interior of houses 
could hitherto only furnish rooms, which the greater nnmber of visitors considered as not belonging 
to the exhibition, or, in consequence of the crowding together of objects of the same kind, could 
not expect their work to be appreciated by others than by men of the same branch. Here, on the 
contrary, the joiner and the cabinet-maker, the upholsterer, the house-painter, the potter, &c., will 
all be allowed to appear side by side, and enabled not only to show their technical skill, but also, 
thanks to the Avorkiug together, to show their taste in a higher degree. 

Whoever thinks that the comfort of a house consists not only in its being suitable for its pur- 
pose, but also in its being beautiful and generally harmonious, will confess that this working 
together is desirable as well for the public as for the artisan. 

The dwelling-house will show, according to the requirements of tlie manageuzent of a private 
house in the different countries — 

1. An arrangement of vspace which, in economizing the ground as much as possible, will pro- 
cure the greatest comfort in the disposition, the grouping, and connection of the dwelling, working, 
house-keeping, and sitting rooms. 

2. A solution of the question of architectural decoration and aiTangement, taking equally into 
account both taste and comfort. 

3. Arrangements for heating, lighting, ventilation, &c., on which the comfort of the house, the 
health of the inhabitants, and economy in their disposition and maintenance are dependent. 

4. The complete arrangement of the kitchen, the larder, the cellar, the bathing and washing- 
rooms, laundries, and of other parts of a house necessary for comfort and cleanliness. 

5. The capabilities of the skilled trades in the exhibiting countries in building, arranging, and 
furnishing in such a manner that taste and moderate cost are equally brought out. Although, as 
Ave already said, the exigencies and customs of the middle classes are to rule the construction, the 
architectural disposition, and the inner arrangement, still a more costlj^ arrangement of a few 
rooms, such as reception and drawing rooms, is not, by any means, excluded; on the contrary,- 
art, applied to industry, and fine art itself, will be enabled to appear conspicuously in this division. 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1S71. 



The Prefiideiit of the Imperial Commission : 
The Chief Manager : 



ARCHDUKE EEGOTEK. 

BAEO:?^ T)E SCHWAEZ-SENBORX. 



S P K C 1 A J. V Vx ({ 1^ A M M K . 
(GRorp 20.) 

THE FARM HOUSE: ITS ARRAiNGEMENTS, FURNITURE, AND UTENSILS. 

i\ot all the classes of society are equally reached by progress, and the assertion so often made 
that the peasantry stick to their customs, proves that the condition of small cultivators generally 
remains behind the progress of the other classes of society. This is due far less to their inferior 
intellectual capacity than to certain external circumstances, such as the scattered disposition of 
their dwellings, a circumstance which has thwarted so many attempts to promote progress among 
the peasantry. 



13 

So powerful au instrument of civilization and of the welfare of nations as tke exhibition doubt- 
less is must therefore be made use of for acting on the peasantry and their progress. 

This seems all the more necessary, for, as was proved by former international exhibitions, the 
class of small farmers and agricultural laborers, in spite of manifold facilities given to them by 
cheap means of communication, form a comparatively small number among the visitors to exhibi- 
tions. This is indeed not to be wondered at, since universal exhibitions have always contained 
more objects of attraction for the other classes of society than for the peasantry. 

Large collective exhibitions of products and machinery relating to agriculture and forestry 
very often overpower them more than they excite their attention. It was this circumstance which 
made it necessary to confer on the exhibition of 1873 a charm especially intended to attract the 
peasantry and to arouse their special interest. 

This may be considered as one of the reasons for introducing into the exhibition of 1873, 
Group 20— 

" The farm-house : its arrangements, furniture, and utensils." 

But there are also objective reasons which may be advanced in support of the creation of this 
group, such as the frequently unsuitable construction of farm-houses, their inconvenient distribu- 
tion and uncomfortable arrangement. 

Improvement is checked not always by reason of the expense, but rather by reason of thought- 
lessness and ignorance of what is better. The small farmer and agricultural laborer very often 
builds his house himself with the help of his neighbors, and furnishes it himself; yet in many cases 
he might have obtained, with the same hands and means, a far more healthy and convenient dwell- 
ing, as well as more manageable furniture, if his attention had been directed to it, and if he had 
had practical examples before his eyes. 

The Universal Exhibition of 1873 will answer such a purpose, and also afford the best oppor- 
tunity of displaying such practical examples and models. It is scarcely to be doubted that this 
part of the exhibition will call the attention of the peasantry to their own interests. 

These considerations will show that the question is not to exhibit, in models or in nature, im- 
aginary farm-houses furnished with the newest inventions of unpractical patentees ; far from this. 
There will only be exhibited that which experience has proved to be useful, and which has been 
tested in different countries, and found to be really good and convenient. 

To take an example from among a great many we will mention the floor of a farm-house. 
What a difference there is between the unhealthy damp layer of clay which is to be found in some 
farm-houses, and which resembles a hilly country in miniature rather than a floor, and the water- 
tight, dry, and clean surface which in another country is obtained with nearly the same materials, 
but with the addition of some other constituents. A similar circumstance is to be noted relating 
to the contrivances for closing the openings. Windows, doors, and locks of doors are produced 
nowadays in factories at prices which may be considered very cheap in comparison with those of 
former times. But while the purveyance of the same was formerly limited to a small circle, the 
present state of the means of conveyance allows, in most cases, even the inhabitants of villages to 
prefer what is solid and elegant to what is uncouth, and for all that not cheaper. 

We find in Sweden up to this day farm-houses with leather hangings, old remains of a custom 
which was general in that country. The Universal Exhibition of 1873 does not take upon itself the 
task of propagating exotics of this kind ; but it will act improving in so many other directions. 
For instance, the gloomy layer of clay mixed with soot, which we find in so many farm-houses may, 
under all circumstances, be replaced by something better. IsTor is the iron-clad, motley-colored 
shrine, with its forged knap-lock, to be considered as an ideal of a convenient chest. And how 
long will the actual stock of wood allow the peasantry the waste of fuel to which open fire-iflaces 
and gigantic stoves drive them ? 

42 Praterstrasse, Vienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of tJie Imperial Commission : 

ARCHDUKE ElfiGNIEK. 

The Chief Manager : 

BAEON DE SOHWARZ-SENBORI^. 



14 
S P E C I A L P II O G R A M M E 

l-OK TIIF. 

EXHIBITION OF THE USE OF WASTE MATERIALS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. 

(Additional exhibition, No. 4.) 

The cousumptiou of soap and paper, the quantity of letters excbangetl, the extension of public 
libraries, and the use made of them, Sec, are often taken as a measure of the actual degree of 
civilization of a nation. 

An extensive and refined use made of the waste materials of industry and house- keeping might 
be considered with equal right as the measure of the degree of industrial development and capa- 
bility. It would also scarcely be i)ossible to find in the trades and in economy of agriculture an 
instance which shows to the same extent the really creative force of science and the characteristic 
tendency of a nation to economize so well as its endeavor to keep, like nature, all within the circle 
of reproduction. 

Side by side with the increase and growth of wants we see the quantity of useful material 
augment in a twofold manner. This is accomplished partly by making use of substances formerly 
useless, because their qualities were unknown ; but still more by the use made of substances which , 
formerly considered as used up, appeared to be of no value, and were often incommodioiis, and in 
many cases troublesome. 

In order to prove only by a few actual cases the assertion last made, that the use of waste 
materials increases, and that thus difficulties are removed, and that the wealth of the nation at the 
same time increases, it is only necessary to take, for an example, the quantities of waste mate- 
rials of soda factories, which were formerly a real nuisance. ^Nowadays a great part of the sul- 
phur contained in them is extracted, and the remainder, containing chalk and gypsum, is emj)loyed 
as valuable material for agriculture. 

The aci m angauese solutions of chloride of lime factories have become restored to use by 
means of an ingenious chemical i)rocess. 

The scoriiB of metals produced by blast-furnaces is used nowadays in glass-making, and 
becomes, by a simple i)hysical process called basalting, a substance useful in the construction of 
buildings and streets. Coal and wood tar i)lay in our time an important part. It is suflBcient to 
call to mind the beautiful aniline colors, without speaking of a host of substances which have 
become useful, like benzine, parafflne, creosote, carbolic acid, pyrocatechin acid, &c. 

Injurious and even poison gases, which escape during the process of smelting — sulphuric acid, 
arsenic, zinc vapors, &c. — have not only been rendered innocuous by contrivances to condense and 
absorb them, but have even been rendered very useful. 

Cotton-seed, which was formerly utterly useless, acquired an increased importance from the 
Hjoment when the means of making oil from it was discovered. So also with soap-lees from laun- 
<lries, for we now know how to obtain fat acids from them. 

Before the International Exhibition of London, iu the year 1851, the glycerine in the factories 
of stearine acid and candle manufactures, and the ammonia in coal-gas, were lost altogether; since 
then they have both become imi)ortant objects of manufacture. 

Woolen rags, which were formerly only used for the production of Prussian blue and inferior 
paper, but which were, for the most part, thrown on the waste-heap, have now become raw mate- 
rials, just as well as silk and cotton refuse, for textile industry, and thus render A-ery respectable 
clothing material accessible even to persons of very moderate means. 

The distillers' wash, produced in molasses distilleries, and which was formerly thrown away, 
has become just as useful for the reproduction of potash which is obtained from it, and which forms 
the base of so many valuable alkaline salts; blood becaihe useful for the production of albumen ; 
cork-refuse for the mauufaetui^e of floor-cloths; old horseshoe-nails and other scrap-iron for the 



15 

fabricatiou of the sott aud malleable iron for Euglish fowliug-pieces; autl so on with saw-dust and 
leather-refuse, &c. 

How enlarged we find the amount of the useful material and the means of satisfying our re- 
quirements, by a retrospective view of the last ten or twenty years only. It suf&ces to single out 
from the host of substances, the value of which lias been thus increased, one more much-despised 
material, viz, human excrements. 

Without contradiction, these are considered as some of the most disgusting wastes; neverthe- 
less, China and Japan mainly owe their flourishing agriculture to the extensive use made of them ; 
and one of the greatest chemists of our time, Barou Liebig, lias acknowledged that they contain 
the means of restoring to the soil of Europe its power of production — a power which will soon be 
exhausted otherwise. 

Considering this, is it not to be called one of the greatest absurdities to spend millions in getting 
rid of a substance which would, if we made proper use of it, make us, by several milliards, richei". 

Who can deny that the increasing use of wastes, and the development thus made of new and 
abundant resources, and the thus facilitated removal of so much which annoyed us, proves beyond 
all doubt the great influence which science exercises upon life, and obliges even a superficial 
observer to remark the gradual development of intelligence and prosperity I Who can deny that, 
when one observes the use made of waste material during a certain given space of time, a new 
picture of civilization unfolds itself? 

It might, therefore, in consideration of this, appear worth while making the trial, aud worthy 
of the assistance of men of science, as well as of men of industry, to form in the frame of the Uni- 
versal Exhibition of 1873, a representation of the reclaim of articles of commerce from refuse. 

In order to define limits to this special exhibition, the value of which lies in its instructive 
importance, it is, firstly, necessary to give, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the word " waste." 

The manufacturer considers as wastes those remains of the used raw aud auxiliary substances 
after he has obtained the principal and secondary products, and which, at the time, have little or 
no value in comparison with that which has been produced. 

But still the whole meaning of the term "waste," and, at the same time, the circle of that 
which is to be received here, is still to be extended, so far as to include all that remains over after 
anything has been made use of, and which economy considers as of no further use. 

1. The objects which, according to this definition, are to be considered as wastes, form the 
nucleus of this exhibition. 

2. Concerning the period of discovery which this exhibition is to extend over, it agrees with 
the regulations made for other groups and other special exhibitions, aud dates back from the 
year 1851. 

3. According to the system of classification of our great exhibition, there will be exhibited in 
this special exhibition — 

On the one hand, the wastes which are to be found in every industrial group ; on the other 
hand, the products which have been obtained from these Avastes since the year 1851, either as quite 
new products, or only old ones improved or cheapened. 

1. One number of this exhibition must comjirise all intermediate jiroducts between the wastes 
themselves and the manufactured market-goods. 

5. The exhibition will be formed as much as possible of the original objects themselves ; only 
when this is not possible or seems inadmissible will graphic data replace them. 

To the objects of this exhibition are to be affixed price quotations, statistical statements of 
production, the name of the man to whom the realization of the value, or the greater profit made 
out of the wastes, is due, as well as all other statements relating to the history of the product re- 
claimed from them ; finally, it is desirable that models should be exhibited, or that the machines 
exhibited in the general exhibition, by the use of which this increase of value has been obtained, 
should be indicated. 

Yienna, October 1, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 

AEOHDUDB E]2g:NIEE. 
The General Manager .- 

BAEON DE SCHWAEZ-SENBOEN. 



UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 18T3, IN VIENNA. 



CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISIONS. 



Group 1. 
Mining, Quarrying', and Metallurgy. 

a) Mineral fuels, (coals, shales, and mineral 

oils;) 
6) Mineral ores and metals; 

c) Otber minerals, (as salt, sulphur, graphite, 

&c.;) not including building-materials, 
vide Group 18 ; 

d) Natural alloys ; 

e) Drawings and models of objects relating to 

mining, metallurgy, and mineral industry : 
mining engineering, surveying, and map- 
making ; 

Geological works, and geological maps, &c. ; 

Tools and inventions for raining and metal- 
lurgy, for underground and surface- work ; 

Statistics of production. 



/) 
9) 



h) 



Gkoup 2. 
Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry. 
a) Plants for food and physic, (excluding fresh 
fruits and vegetables, which are to be the 
subject of temporary exhibitions ;) 
h) Tobacco and other narcotic i^lants ; 
3 



c) 



d) 
e) 

f) 
9) 



h) 

i) 

1c) 



m 



0) 

P) 



Vegetable fiber, (as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, 
china-grass, &c. ;) and other plants of 
commerce in their raw state ; 

Cocoons of silk worms ; 

Animal products in a raw state, (skins, hides, 
feathers, bristles, &c ;) 

V7ool; 

Products of forestry, (timber, wood for cabi- 
net-work, tanningsubstances, resin in a raw 
state,dyeing-woods, barks, charcoal tinder;) 

Peat and its products ; 

Manures ; 

Drawings and models of objects used in 
agriculture, horticulture, and forestry ; 
farm maps ; 

Works of the experimental-stations. Wood- 
land and forest doom-books. Statistics of 
forests, &c. ; 

Processes and inventions for producing, 
transporting, and storing the above-men- 
tioned products ; 

Plans of gardens : drawings and models of 
horticultural implements, hot-houses, con- 
servatories, irrigation, &c. ; 

New methods of horticultural cultivation ; 

Statistics of production. 

(Vide "Temporary Exhibitions," No. 4.) 



18 



GROur 3. 
Chemical Industry. 

a) Chemical products for technical and pharma- 

ceutical purposes, (acids, salts, chemical 
preparations of all sorts;) 

b) Kaw substances and products of pharmacy, 

mineral waters, &c. ; 

c) Fats and their products, (stearine, oil-acids, 

glycerine, soaps, candles, and tapers, &c. ;) 

d) Products of dry distillation, (as refined petro- 

leum, slate-oil, paraflflne, phenylic acid, ben- 
zine, aniline, &c.;) 

e) Ethereal oils and perfumeries ; 
/) Matches, &c. ; 

g) Dye-stuffs, mineral and organic ; 

h) Eesius, (washed, dyed, or bleached,) sealing- 
wax, varnish, albumen, isinglass, glue, 
starches, dextrin, &c. ; 

i) Contrivances and processes used in chemical 
production ; 

A) Statistics of production. 



Group 4, 
Substances of Food as Products of Industry. 

a) Flour, and other farinaceous products; malt 

and its'products ; 

b) Sugar, and its products; 

c) Spirits, and spirituous liquors, &c. ; 
a) Wines ; 

e) Ale, beer, porter, &c. ; 

/) Vinegars; 

g) Preserves and extracts, (extracts of meat, 
portable soup, condeused-milk, Erbswurst, 
preserved vegetables, preserved meat,&c.;) 

h) Tobacco, and similar manufactures ; 

i) Confectionery, ginger-bread, chocolate, cof- 
fee substitutes, &c. ; 

A) Processes and inventions for preparing all 
these articles; 

Statistics of production. 



Group 5. 
Textile Industry and Clothing. 

a) Washed wool and hair u.sed for textile 

fabrics, carded wool and worsted, combed 
wool and woolen fabrics, felt, carpets, 
blankets, hair-tissues, mixed fabrics, in- 
cluding shawls; 

b) Cotton, cotton-substitutes, cotton- thread, cot- 

ton fabrics and cords ; 

c) Flax, hemp, jute, and other fibers; yarns, 

threads, and fabrics of the same; straw 
fiibrics for bonnets, screens, and mats, 
webs and cords of reed, cane, bast, hair, 
wire, &c. ; 

d) Eaw silk, spun silk, and manufactures of 

silk, silk- wastes ; 

e) Small-ware manufactures, gold and silver 

cloths and embroideries ; 

/) Lace; 

g) Hosiery, milled and un milled ; 

h) Finished objects of clothing, (clothes, gowns, 
hats, bonnets, shoes and boots, gloves and 
linen, &c. ;) 

i) Upholstery, carpeting, curtains, bed furni- 
ture, &c.; 

A') Artificial fl.owers and feather ornaments ; 

I) Processes and inventions used in the pro- 
duction of these manufactures ; 

m) Statistics of production. 



Group g. 
Leather and India-Rubber Industry. 

a) Leather; articles of leather, harness, sad- 

dles, trunks, and other leather-goods, ex- 
cluding clothing, and fancj' goods ; parch- 
ment and gold-beaters' skin ; 

b) Skins and furs ; 

c) India-rubber and gutta-percha articles, ex- 

cluding i)hilosophical and mechanical 
instruments and i^arts of machinery ; 
water-proof stuffs and cloths ; 

d) Processes and inventions used in the pro- 

duction of these manufactures ; 

e) Statistics of production. 



19 



Gkoup 7. 
Metal Industry. 
a) Goldsmiths' and silversmitlis' work, and jew- 
elry, &c. ; 
h) Iron and steel wares, excluding macliinery, 
building-materials, philosopliical and mus- 
ical instruments ; 
Manufactures from other metals and alloys ; 
Weapons of every description, except mili- 
tary arms ; 
Processes and inventions used in the pro- 
duction of these manufactures ; 
/) Statistics of production. 



d) 
e) 



Group 8. 

Wood Industry. 

a) Cabinet-work, (inlaid floors, windows, doors, 

etc. ;) 
h) Joiners'-work ; 

c) Cleft wood- work, (casks, shingles, sieves, &c. ; 

d) Small staves, and their products, matches, 

&c.;) 

e) Yeneers and marqueteries ; 
/) Cut and turned wood ; 

g) Chisel- work and carved- work ; 
h) Cork manufactures; 
i) Basket-work ; 

fc) Wood-work, painted, stained and gilt ; 
I) Processes and inventions used in the pro- 
duction of these manufactures ; 
w) Statistics of manufactures. 



Group 9. 
Stone, Earthenware, and Glass Industry. 
a) Stones, natural and artificial ; slate and 
cement-works, (natural and imitated stones 
and marbles, paving-stones and floor-tiles, 



ornaments and decorations, pipes, grind- 
ingstones, &c. ;) 
h) Earthenware, (pipes, cooking-vessels, stoves, 
plastic reproductions, terra-cottas, &c. ;) 

c) Glass manufactures, (glass for household use 

and fancy purposes, imitation gems and 
pearls unset, «&c. ;) 

d) Processes and manufactures used in the pro- 

duction of the above articles ; 

e) Statistics of production. 



Group 10. 
SmaU-ware and Fancy Goods. 
a) Manufactures of ivory, meerschaum, tortoise- 
shell, mother-of-pearl, whalebone, wax 
wares, japaned goods ; 
h) Fancy goods of leather, bronze, &c. ; 

c) Umbrellas, parasols, fans, canes, whips, &c. ; 

d) Combs and brushes ; 

e) Toys; 

/) Processes and inventions used in the pro- 
duction of manufactures ; 
g) Statistics of production. 



Group 11. 
Paper Industry and Stationery. 
a) Paper-pulp, paper, and paste-board ; 
h) Colored papers, paper-hangings, tapestry, 
playing-cards, &c. ; 

c) Papier-mach^ goods, card and mill board ; 

d) Articles for writing, drawing, and painting; 

e) Bookbinding, and similar work ; 

/) Processes and manufactures used in the pro- 
duction of the above manufactures ; 
g) Statistics of production. 



20 



Giioup 12. 

Graphic Arts and Industrial Drawing. 

(() Hook-priiiting; 

h) Xylograpliy; 

o) Copperplate and .steel printing; 

(1) Litliogra|)liy and clironio-lithography; 

(') Pliotography ; 

/■) Engraving and guilloche-work; 

<j) Pattern-xlrawing, and drawing for decora- 
tions ; 

h) Tools and apparatus ; 

i) Statistics of production. 



Group 13. 
Machinery, and Means of Transport. 

a) Prime-movers, (steam-generators, steam- 
engines, water-wbeels, turbines, pressure- 
engines, air, wind, and electro-magnetic 
engines, gas-machines;) 

h) Machines for transmitting power, (shafts, 
wheels, pulleys, cord-bands, &c. ;) 

c) Machinery for working special kinds of ma- 
terial, (machines for mining, metallurgy, 
metal- work, and wood-work; machines for 
spinning, weaving, knitting, sewing, and 
embroidering; machines for fulling, clean- 
ing, shearing, dyeing; machines for bleach- 
ing, leather-dressing, &c. ; machines for 
paper-manufactures and book-binding ; for 
type-founding, printing, lithography, cop- 
per-plate-printing, color-printing, «S;c. ; ma- 
chines and apparatus for sugar-making, 
oil-manufacture, breweries, distilleries, 
steariue, soap, caudles, starch, ice-making, 
match-making, coni-mills and agricultural 
machinery, and apparatus ;) 

(1) Other machinery not belonging to the above- 
mentioned, (blast-engines, fire-engines, 
pumps, ventilators, &c.;) 

e) Elements and parts of machinery ; 

/) Railway-machinery, (locomotives, tenders, 
railway-velocipedes, and parts of them, 
railwa3'"-carriages, and parts composing 
tliem, special machinery and api)aratus 
for railway workshops and railway contri- 



vances for making and maintaining rail- 
way-plant, snow-plows, &c.;) 

</) Steam-gauges, dynamometers, tradiometers, 
&c.; 

/() All sorts of vehicles not connected with rail ; 

i) Statistics of production. 



Group 14. 
Philosophical, Surgical Instruments. 
a) Mathematical, astronomical, iihysical, and 
chemical instruments, (instruments for 
measuring, weighing, and dividing; for 
optical and electric telegraphy ;) 
h) Surgical instruments and apparatus, (arti- 
ficial limbs, teeth, «&c. ;) 

c) Horological instruments, clocks, watches, 

and their i)arts, (chronoscopes, chrono- 
graphs, electric-clocks ;) 

d) Statistics of production. 



Group 15. 
Musical Instruments, 
fl) Musical instruments ; 

h) Parts of them, (strings, bows, molding- 
boards, membranes, keys, pipes, &c. ;) 

c) Sound-carrying apparatus, (speaking-pipes, 

signal-whistles, «&c. ;) 

d) Bells, chime of bells ; 

e) Statistics of production. 

(Vide "Additional Exhibition," Is^o. 3.) 



Group 16. 
The Art of War. 
a) Organization and recruiting of armies ; 
h) Equipment of troops, accouterments, and 
armor ; 

c) Artillery ; 

d) Military engineering ; 

e) Sanitary contrivances ; 

/) Military education, training, and instruc- 
tion ; 
g) Cartography and historiography. 



21 



Group 17. 
The Navy. 

a) Materials for naval architecture ; 

b) Models and drawings of boats and ships for 

inland, lake, and river navigation ; sea- 
going ships, coasting vessels, merchant- 
ships, and ships-of-war, stores and fittings 
for equipment, outfit, and armament of 
ships ; 

c) Tools and apparatus used in ship-building ; 

d) Clothing, outfit, and accommodations for 

crews ; 

e) Land and water works for navigation, (mod- 

els and drawings of docks, harbors,' sluices, 
floating-docks, floating-batteries, and coast 
defenses ;) 
/) Hydrography, charts, meteorological instru- 
ments ; education of seamen and ofiBcers. 



Gboitp 18. 

Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architec- 
ture. 

«) building materials ; processes and apparatus 
for quarrying, brick-making, iron girder- 
work; preparation and preservation of 
wood ; artificial stone, terra-cotta work, 
&c. ; 

6) Materials and appliances for foundations, 
(pile-drivers, screw-piles, coffer-dams, cais- 
sons, pneumatic and diving apparatus ;) 

c) Contrivances and tools for earth- works, (ex- 

cavators, dredging-machines, apparatus 
for raising, carrying, and transporting 
earth and materials;) 

d) Materials and apparatus used for roads and 

railways, (road-rollers, railway super- 
structure, switches, crossings, turn-tables, 
traversing- tables, inclined planes, lifts; 
pneumatic and other modes of propelling ; 
water-stations and their apparatus, rail- 
way-station buildings of all kinds, and 
systems of railway-signals ;) 

e) Hydraulic engineering-works, excluding sea- 

works, (river-works, canal-works, dikes, 
locks, dams, &c, ;) 



/) Models and plans of viaducts, bridges, and 
aqueducts, &c. ; 

g) Plans, models, and drawings of public build- 
ings, dwelling-houses, barracks, peniten- 
tiaries, prisons and hospitals, schools and 
theaters, laborers' cottages ; apparatus for 
lifting and moving heavy weights in build- 
ings, as lifts, &c. ; plans and models of 
cheap dwelling-houses; tools and imple- 
ments of artisan-builders ; 

h) Apparatus and inventions for health, com- 
fort and convenience in buildings, (for 
lighting, water-supply, drainage, water- 
closets, lightning-conductors, &c. ;) 

i) Agricultural engineering, plans for culture, 
fencing, draining; farm-buildings; build- 
ings for cattle-breeding; stores, stables, 
manure-tanks, &c. ; 

Tc) Industrial buildings; spinning-mills, weav- 
ing-mills, grindiug-mills; distilleries, brew- 
eries, sugar-manufactories ; warehouses, 
saw-mills and docks, «&c. 




GEorp 19. 

The Private Dwelling-house : Its inner Arrange- 
ment and Decoration. 

a) Models, drawings, and finished buildings, 

representing dwelling-houses of civilized 
nations ; 

b) Drawings, models, and examples of thor- 

oughly-furnished appartments. 



Group 20. 

The Farm-house : Its Arangements, Furniture, 

and irtensils. 

a) Finished buildings, models, and drawings of 

farm-houses of the different nations of the 
world ; 

b) Drawings, models, and examples of peasant- 

rooms, furnished and fitted out with their 
furniture and apparatus. 



22 



Groui* 21. 
National Domestic Industry. 

a) Pottery and porcelain ; 

b) Fabrics, tapestry, embroidery, lace, and other 

needle-work ; 

c) Metal articles and ornaments ; 

d) Carved work and ntensils. 



Group 22. 

Exhibition showing the Organization-Influence of 
Museums of Fine Arts applied to Industry. 

a) The various methods and means by which 

the different modern museums (viz : the 
South Kensington Museum, in London, 
and the similar museums in Yienna, Ber- 
lin, Moscow, &c.) endeavor to carry out 
the improvement of the general taste of 
the people, and the manner in which they 
promote the art, industry, and public in- 
struction of their countries ; 

b) Exhibition of the objects which have been 

produced and propagated by those modern 
museums. 



Group 23. 
Art applied to Religion. 

a) Decoration of churches, (wall-decoration, 

stained-glass, glass-painting, &c. ;) 

b) Church furniture, (altars, organs, pulpits, 

pews, shrines for inclosing sacred vessels, 
&c.;) 

c) Ornaments for altars, pulpits, crucifixes, 

chalices, labarums, candle-sticks, altar- 
hangings and carpets, pulpit-hangings, 
&c.; 

d) Objects used in baptisms and funerals, &c. 



Group 24. 

Objects of Fine Art of the Past, exhibited by Ama- 
teurs and Owners of Collections, (Exposition des 
Amateurs- ) 

a) Paintings of ancient masters ; 
6) Objets d'art. Bronzes, enamels, miniatures, 
majolicas, porcelain, faience, &c. 



Group 25. 

Fine Arts of the Present Time— Works Produced 
since the Second London Exhibition of 1862. 

a) Architecture, including models, designs, 

sketches, and surveys of architectural 
works of the present times ; 

b) Sculi)ture, including figures and groups of 

small sizes; engravings, medals, &c. 

c) Paintings, including miniatures and enam- 

els; 

d) Graphic arts, including copper and steel- 

engravings, etching, wood-cuts, &c. 



Group 26. 
Education, Teaching, and Instruction. 

a) Education; exhibition of all the arrange- 

ments and contrivances for the better 
nursing, training, and rearing of children ; 
their physical and mental development 
from the first days of their life up to 
school-time; their nourishment, cradles, 
nurseries, &c. ; child-gardens, {Kinder- 
Oarten,) child-games and amusements, 
child-gymnastics. 

b) Teaching; exhibition of school-houses and 

school apparatus in models, drawings, and 
examples ; exhibition of means of instruc- 
tion ; the works and journals of instruc- 
tion ; description and illustrations of 



23 



metliods of instruction; history and sta- 
tistics of a school, its organization and 
laws ; 

a) Elementary schools ; this department 
will include apparatus for the in- 
struction of the blind, deaf, dumb, 
and idiots ; 
/S) Middle-schools, comprehending gymna- 
siums, " Eealschulen," or schools 



wherein exact science and modern 
languages are taught ; 
S) Professional and technical colleges ; 
y) Universities ; 
c) Instruction in the more limited sense; in- 
struction of adults through literature, the 
public press, public libraries and educa- 
tional societies, and associations for in- 
struction. 



All machinery is contained in Group 13, but, nevertheless, the machines for working special kinds of material will be 
examined by the jury of the professional group to which they may belong, with the assistance also of competent 
machine-builders. It is left to the free will of the exhibitor to choose the group in which he wishes his object to be 
placed, should it be susceptible of being placed in more than one group. 



Additional Exhibitions. 

1. The history of inventions. 

2. The history of industry. 

3. Exhibition of musical instruments of Cre- 
mona. 

4. Exhibition of the use of waste materials, 
and their products. 

5. The history of prices. 

G. The representation of the commerce and 
trade of the world. 



Temporary Exhibitions. 

1. Live animals, (horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, 
dogs, fowls, game, fish, &c. ;) 

2. Butcher's meat, venison, poultry, lard, &c. ; 

3. Dairy produce ; 

4. Garden produce, (fresh fruits, fresh vege- 
tables, flowers, plants, «&c. ;) 

5. Living plants injurious to agriculture and 
forestry. 



For these exhibitions special instructions will be afterward published. 
Vienna, the 16th of September, 1871. 

The President of the Imperial Commission : 



The General Manager , 



ARCHDUKE REGNIER. 

BARON DE SCHWARZ-SENBORN. 



-^ 



N^ 




• "-./ ••».. Vo^' .-m-- %v*^' /^^; -"-^.o^ 

i-"/ \-^-^\/ V^^"/ \'^-^*/.. V^^"/ X 



















^« 



, - -"^ 
















